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Reviewers must decline an assignment when a financial, collaborative, personal, institutional, competitive, or other relationship could compromise or appear to compromise impartiality.

Editors must not manage manuscripts in which they have a conflict of interest. Such manuscripts are reassigned to an independent editor. Editorial decisions must be separated from financial considerations, institutional pressure, authorship relationships, and personal interests.

Relevant conflict-of-interest declarations may be published with the article to support transparency.