Transformation of Social Conflict Between Ethnic Groups

Abstract

Indonesia is a highly ethnically diverse country and is therefore vulnerable to intergroup social conflicts if diversity is not managed properly. This journal article aims to examine the concept of conflict transformation as a comprehensive approach to addressing interethnic social conflicts through a literature review of conflict theories and cases of ethnic conflict in Indonesia. The method used is a literature review analyzing Johan Galtung’s concepts of structural violence and the ABC triangle, as well as John Paul Lederach’s four dimensions of conflict transformation: personal, relational, structural, and cultural. The analysis draws on case studies of the Sambas–Sampit conflicts between the Dayak and Madurese ethnic groups and the Balinuraga conflict between the Balinese and Lampung ethnic groups. The findings indicate that ethnic conflicts in Indonesia are often triggered by small-scale incidents that escalate due to the accumulation of long-standing structural, economic, cultural, and political factors. Furthermore, responses that focus solely on short-term resolution, such as relocation and security measures, tend to leave underlying tensions unresolved. Conflict transformation that simultaneously addresses all four dimensions, supported by inclusive multi-stakeholder involvement, has proven more effective in fostering sustainable peace than conventional conflict resolution approaches. This article recommends that policies for managing areas prone to ethnic conflict integrate a comprehensive conflict transformation approach rather than focusing exclusively on security aspects