Method for Assessing the Level of Pharmacists' Knowledge of Antibiotic Resistance

Abstract

primarily driven by the irrational use of antibiotics. Pharmacists play a strategic role in promoting appropriate antibiotic use through the implementation of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASP), This narrative review aimed to examine the methods used to evaluate pharmacists' knowledge of antibiotic resistance. A literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect with keywords related to pharmacist knowledge, antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial stewardship, and assessment methods. Twenty eligible articles were synthesized narratively. Highlighting the need for reliable methods to assess their knowledge of antibiotic resistance.  The findings indicated that the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) questionnaire was the most frequently employed assessment method because it comprehensively evaluates knowledge, attitudes, and professional practices. Furthermore, validated and reliable instruments provide more accurate and consistent measurements. However, substantial variations remain in assessment indicators, validation procedures, and questionnaire characteristics, indicating the absence of a standardized assessment instrument. Developing standardized, valid, and reliable assessment methods is essential to improve the evaluation of pharmacists' competencies and to strengthen the implementation of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in preventing and controlling antibiotic resistance.