INFEKSI VIRUS MPXV: MEKANISME INFEKSI, RESPONS IMUN, DAN METODE DIAGNOSTIK VIRUS
Keywords:
MPXV, Cacar, Imun Escape, Pemeriksaan
Abstract
Pendahuluan: Cacar mpox merupakan penyakit menular yang telah menginfeksi manusia ke manusia dalam beberapa tahun kebelakang. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh virus MPXV, virus ini merupaja virus DNA untai ganda linier. Virus MPXV dapat menginfeksi manusia dan melakukan replikasi didalam tubuh tanpa dikenali oleh sistem imun. Virus ini memiliki imun escape untuk melakukan penghindaran dari sel-sel fagosit didalam tubuh yang menyebabkan respons imun innate dan adaptif tidak teraktivasi maksimal. Pentingnya pemahaman secara molekuler tentang virus MPXV sehingga pengembangan pemeriksaan laboratorium, pengobatan infeksi, dan vaksinasi terhadap virus MPXV dimasa mendatang. Metode: Penulisan ini menggunakan studi review literatur dari berbagai jurnal dan sumber ilmiah yang membahas tentang virus MPXV. Review literatur ini dimulai dari tinjauan pustaka, tinjauan ini akan mengetahui struktur, genom, siklus hidup, respons imun tubuh, imun escape, dan pemeriksan laboratorium virus MPXV. Review literatur ini sebagai referensi untuk mengetahui sel imun yang berperan dalam penanganan virus monkeypox. Penulis menggunakan google scholar, researchGate, dan PubMed untuk mengumpulkan berbagai jurnal dari literatur yang membahas virus monkeypox. Kesimpulan: Virus MPXV memiliki kemampuan untuk melakukan replikasi dan penghindaran sistem imun. Memahami struktur, proses replikasi, siklus hidup, mekanisme molekuler yang mendasari imun escape dapat digunakan untuk pengembangan metode diagnostik, pengobatan, dan vaksin MPXV dimasa mendatang. Penelitian tentang virua MPXV akan sangat penting untuk memajukan pemahaman kita tentang interaksi virus-inang dan mengembangkan strategi yang efektif.Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Adamo, Sarah, Yu Gao, Takuya Sekine, Akhirunnesa Mily, Jinghua Wu, Elisabet Storgärd, Victor Westergren, Finn Filén, Carl Johan Treutiger, Johan K. Sandberg, Matti Sällberg, Peter Bergman, Sian Llewellyn-Lacey, Hans Gustaf Ljunggren, David A. Price, Anna Mia Ekström, Alessandro Sette, Alba Grifoni, and Marcus Buggert. 2023. “Memory Profiles Distinguish Cross-Reactive and Virus-Specific T Cell Immunity to Mpox.” Cell Host and Microbe 31(6):928-936.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.04.015.
Almehmadi, Mazen, Mamdouh Allahyani, Ahad Amer Alsaiari, Mohammed Kanan Alshammari, Abrar Saleh Alharbi, Khansa Hamza Hussain, Lojain Ibrahim Alsubaihi, Mehnaz Kamal, Shahad Saleh Alotaibi, Atheer Nasser Alotaibi, Afeefah Awaid Aldhafeeri, and Mohd Imran. 2022. “A Glance at the Development and Patent Literature of Tecovirimat: The First-in-Class Therapy for Emerging Monkeypox Outbreak.” Viruses 14(9).
Americo, Jeffrey L., Patricia L. Earl, and Bernard Moss. 2023. “Virulence Differences of Mpox (Monkeypox) Virus Clades I, IIa, and IIb.1 in a Small Animal Model.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 120(8). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2220415120.
Antinori, Andrea, Valentina Mazzotta, Serena Vita, Fabrizio Carletti, Danilo Tacconi, Laura Emma Lapini, Alessandra D’Abramo, Stefania Cicalini, Daniele Lapa, Silvia Pittalis, Vincenzo Puro, Marco Rivano Capparuccia, Emanuela Giombini, Cesare Ernesto Maria Gruber, Anna Rosa Garbuglia, Alessandra Marani, Francesco Vairo, Enrico Girardi, Vaia Francesco, and Emanuele Nicastri. 2017. “Epidemiological, Clinical and Virological Characteristics of Four Cases of Monkeypox Support Transmission through Sexual Contact, Italy, May 2022.” Eurosurveillance 22(38):6–18. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.
Beer, Ellen M., and V. Bhargavi Rao. 2019. “A Systematic Review of the Epidemiology of Human Monkeypox Outbreaks and Implications for Outbreak Strategy.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 13(10).
Bhalla, Nikhil, and Amir Farokh Payam. 2023. “Addressing the Silent Spread of Monkeypox Disease with Advanced Analytical Tools.” Small 19(9).
Branda, Francesco, Chiara Romano, Massimo Ciccozzi, Marta Giovanetti, Fabio Scarpa, Alessandra Ciccozzi, and Antonello Maruotti. 2024. “Mpox: An Overview of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Public Health Implications.” Journal of Clinical Medicine 13(8).
Burrell, Christopher J., Colin R. Howard, and Frederick A. Murphy. 2017. “Virus Replication.” Pp. 39–55 in Fenner and White’s Medical Virology. Elsevier.
Carty, Michael, Coralie Guy, and Andrew G. Bowie. 2021. “Detection of Viral Infections by Innate Immunity.” Biochemical Pharmacology 183.
Chaudhri, Geeta, Vikas Tahiliani, Preethi Eldi, and Gunasegaran Karupiah. 2015. “Vaccine-Induced Protection against Orthopoxvirus Infection Is Mediated through the Combined Functions of CD4 T Cell-Dependent Antibody and CD8 T Cell Responses.” Journal of Virology 89(3):1889–99. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02572-14.
Du, Zhanwei, Zengyang Shao, Yuan Bai, Lin Wang, Jose L. Herrera-Diestra, Spencer J. Fox, Zeynep Ertem, Eric H. Y. Lau, and Benjamin J. Cowling. 2022. “Reproduction Number of Monkeypox in the Early Stage of the 2022 Multi-Country Outbreak.” Journal of Travel Medicine 29(8).
Durmuş, Saliha, and Kutlu Ülgen. 2017. “Comparative Interactomics for Virus–Human Protein–Protein Interactions: DNA Viruses versus RNA Viruses.” FEBS Open Bio 7(1):96–107. doi: 10.1002/2211-5463.12167.
Gandhi, Aravind P., Parul Chawla Gupta, Bijaya K. Padhi, Mokanpally Sandeep, Tarun Kumar Suvvari, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Prakasini Satapathy, Ranjit Sah, Darwin A. León-Figueroa, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Joshuan J. Barboza, and Arkadiusz Dziedzic. 2023. “Ophthalmic Manifestations of the Monkeypox Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Pathogens 12(3).
Gong, Qizan, Changle Wang, Xia Chuai, and Sandra Chiu. 2022. “Monkeypox Virus: A Re-Emergent Threat to Humans.” Virologica Sinica 37(4):477–82.
Grant, Rebecca, Liem Binh Luong Nguyen, and Romulus Breban. 2020. “Modelling Human-to-Human Transmission of Monkeypox.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 98(9):638–40.
Heskin, Joseph, Amy Belfield, Charlotte Milne, Nicklas Brown, Yasmin Walters, Christopher Scott, and Luke Sp Moree. 2022. “Transmission of Monkeypox Virus through Sexual Contact–A Novel Route of Infection.” Journal of Infection 85(3):334–63.
Karagoz, Aysel, Huseyin Tombuloglu, Moneerah Alsaeed, Guzin Tombuloglu, Abdullah A. AlRubaish, Amal Mahmoud, Samira Smajlović, Sabahudin Ćordić, Ali A. Rabaan, and Ebtesam Alsuhaimi. 2023. “Monkeypox (Mpox) Virus: Classification, Origin, Transmission, Genome Organization, Antiviral Drugs, and Molecular Diagnosis.” Journal of Infection and Public Health 16(4):531–41.
Kugelman, Jeffrey R., Sara C. Johnston, Prime M. Mulembakani, Neville Kisalu, Michael S. Lee, Galina Koroleva, Sarah E. McCarthy, Marie C. Gestole, Nathan D. Wolfe, Joseph N. Fair, Bradley S. Schneider, Linda L. Wright, John Huggins, Chris A. Whitehouse, Emile Okitolonda Wemakoy, Jean Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum, Lisa E. Hensley, Gustavo F. Palacios, and Anne W. Rimoin. 2014. “Genomic Variability of Monkeypox Virus among Humans, Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 20(2):232–39. doi: 10.3201/eid2002.130118.
Li, Danyang, and Minghua Wu. 2021. “Pattern Recognition Receptors in Health and Diseases.” Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 6(1).
Li, Heng, Qi Zhao Huang, Hong Zhang, Zhen Xing Liu, Xiao Hui Chen, Li Lin Ye, and Yang Luo. 2023. “The Land-Scape of Immune Response to Monkeypox Virus.” EBioMedicine 87.
Li, Yaning, Yaping Shen, Ziwei Hu, and Renhong Yan. 2023. Structural Basis for the Assembly of the DNA Polymerase Holoenzyme from a Monkeypox Virus Variant.
Lu, Junjie, Hui Xing, Chunhua Wang, Mengjun Tang, Changcheng Wu, Fan Ye, Lijuan Yin, Yang Yang, Wenjie Tan, and Liang Shen. 2023. “Mpox (Formerly Monkeypox): Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment.” Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 8(1).
Luna, Nicolas, Angie L. Ramírez, Marina Muñoz, Nathalia Ballesteros, Luz H. Patiño, Sergio Andres Castañeda, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi, and Juan David Ramírez. 2022. “Phylogenomic Analysis of the Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) 2022 Outbreak: Emergence of a Novel Viral Lineage?” Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 49. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102402.
Naseer, Muhammad Muazzam. 2024. “Human Monkeypox Virus: A Review on the Globally Emerging Virus Open Access.” Biomedical Letter 10(1):26–41. doi: 10.47262/BL/9.1.20242161.
Nolen, Leisha Diane, Lynda Osadebe, Jacques Katomba, Jacques Likofata, Daniel Mukadi, Benjamin Monroe, Jeffrey Doty, Christine Marie Hughes, Joelle Kabamba, Jean Malekani, Pierre Lokwa Bomponda, Jules Inonga Lokota, Marcel Pie Balilo, Toutou Likafi, Robert Shongo Lushima, Benoit Kebela Ilunga, Frida Nkawa, Elisabeth Pukuta, Stomy Karhemere, Jean Jacques Muyembe Tamfum, Beatrice Nguete, Emile Okitolonda Wemakoy, Andrea M. McCollum, and Mary G. Reynolds. 2016. “Extended Human-to-Human Transmission during a Monkeypox Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 22(6):1014–21. doi: 10.3201/eid2206.150579.
Parnian, Reza, Fatemeh Heydarifard, Fatemeh Sadat Mousavi, Zahra Heydarifard, and Milad Zandi. 2024. “Innate Immune Response to Monkeypox Virus Infection: Mechanisms and Immune Escape.” Journal of Innate Immunity 16(1):413–24.
Pickup, David J. 2015. “Extracellular Virions: The Advance Guard of Poxvirus Infections.” PLoS Pathogens 11(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004904.
Prompetchara, Eakachai, Chutitorn Ketloy, Chirayus Khawsang, Kiat Ruxrungtham, and Tanapat Palaga. 2024. “Mpox Global Health Emergency: Insights into the Virus, Immune Responses, and Advancements in Vaccines PART I: Insights into the Virus and Immune Responses.” Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology. doi: 10.12932/AP-111024-1945.
Rcheulishvili, Nino, Jiawei Mao, Dimitri Papukashvili, Shunping Feng, Cong Liu, Xidan Yang, Jihui Lin, Yunjiao He, and Peng George Wang. 2023. “Development of a Multi-Epitope Universal MRNA Vaccine Candidate for Monkeypox, Smallpox, and Vaccinia Viruses: Design and In Silico Analyses.” Viruses 15(5). doi: 10.3390/v15051120.
Reda, Abdullah, Amr Ehab El-Qushayri, and Jaffer Shah. 2023. “Asymptomatic Monkeypox Infection: A Call for Greater Control of Infection and Transmission.” The Lancet Microbe 4(1):e15–16.
Sagdat, Kamila, Assel Batyrkhan, and Damira Kanayeva. 2024. “Exploring Monkeypox Virus Proteins and Rapid Detection Techniques.” Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 14.
Şahin, Yasemin, Hande Yüce, Songül Ünüvar, and Osman Çiftçi. 2023. “Current Pandemic in the World: Monkeypox from Past to Present.” Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 95(1). doi: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220767.
Shafaati, Maryam, and Milad Zandi. 2022. “State-of-the-Art on Monkeypox Virus: An Emerging Zoonotic Disease.” Infection 50(6):1425–30.
Sklenovská, Nikola, and Marc Van Ranst. 2018. “Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans.” Frontiers in Public Health 6.
Srivastava, Shriyansh, Sachin Kumar, Shagun Jain, Aroop Mohanty, Neeraj Thapa, Prabhat Poudel, Krishna Bhusal, Zahraa Haleem Al-qaim, Joshuan J. Barboza, Bijaya Kumar Padhi, and Ranjit Sah. 2023. “The Global Monkeypox (Mpox) Outbreak: A Comprehensive Review.” Vaccines 11(6).
Swain, Susan L., K. Kai McKinstry, and Tara M. Strutt. 2012. “Expanding Roles for CD4 + T Cells in Immunity to Viruses.” Nature Reviews Immunology 12(2):136–48.
Tsalik, Ephraim L., Cassandra Fiorino, Ammara Aqeel, Yiling Liu, Ricardo Henao, Emily R. Ko, Thomas W. Burke, Megan E. Reller, Champica K. Bodinayake, Ajith Nagahawatte, Wasantha K. Arachchi, Vasantha Devasiri, Ruvini Kurukulasooriya, Micah T. McClain, Christopher W. Woods, Geoffrey S. Ginsburg, L. Gayani Tillekeratne, and Klaus Schughart. 2021. “The Host Response to Viral Infections Reveals Common and Virus-Specific Signatures in the Peripheral Blood.” Frontiers in Immunology 12. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741837.
Upadhayay, Shubham, Richmond Arthur, Divya Soni, Poonam Yadav, Uma Shanker Navik, Randhir Singh, Thakur Gurjeet Singh, and Puneet Kumar. 2022. “Monkeypox Infection: The Past, Present, and Future.” International Immunopharmacology 113.
Wang, Kunyu, Hanyao Huang, Qi Zhan, Haoran Ding, and Yi Li. 2024. “Toll-like Receptors in Health and Disease.” MedComm 5(5).
Wicherska‐pawłowska, Katarzyna, Tomasz Wróbel, and Justyna Rybka. 2021. “Toll‐like Receptors (Tlrs), Nod‐like Receptors (Nlrs) and Rig‐i‐like Receptors (Rlrs) in Innate Immunity. Tlrs, Nlrs and Rlrs Ligands as Immunotherapeutic Agents for Hematopoietic Diseases.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(24).
Wilson, Mary E., James M. Hughes, Andrea M. McCollum, and Inger K. Damon. 2014. “Human Monkeypox.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 58(2):260–67. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit703.
Witt, Amanda Stéphanie Arantes, Giliane de Souza Trindade, Fernanda Gil de Souza, Mateus Sá Magalhães Serafim, Alana Vitor Barbosa da Costa, Marcos Vinícius Ferreira Silva, Felipe Campos de Melo Iani, Rodrigo Araújo Lima Rodrigues, Erna Geessien Kroon, and Jônatas Santos Abrahão. 2023. “Ultrastructural Analysis of Monkeypox Virus Replication in Vero Cells.” Journal of Medical Virology 95(2). doi: 10.1002/jmv.28536.
World Health Organization. 2024. Multi-Country Outbreak of Mpox.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2024. Diagnostic Testing for the Monkeypox Virus (MPXV).
Xiang, Yan, and Addison White. 2022. “Monkeypox Virus Emerges from the Shadow of Its More Infamous Cousin: Family Biology Matters.” Emerging Microbes and Infections 11(1):1768–77.
Zandi, Milad, Maryam Shafaati, and Fatemeh Hosseini. 2023. “Mechanisms of Immune Evasion of Monkeypox Virus.” Frontiers in Microbiology 14.
Almehmadi, Mazen, Mamdouh Allahyani, Ahad Amer Alsaiari, Mohammed Kanan Alshammari, Abrar Saleh Alharbi, Khansa Hamza Hussain, Lojain Ibrahim Alsubaihi, Mehnaz Kamal, Shahad Saleh Alotaibi, Atheer Nasser Alotaibi, Afeefah Awaid Aldhafeeri, and Mohd Imran. 2022. “A Glance at the Development and Patent Literature of Tecovirimat: The First-in-Class Therapy for Emerging Monkeypox Outbreak.” Viruses 14(9).
Americo, Jeffrey L., Patricia L. Earl, and Bernard Moss. 2023. “Virulence Differences of Mpox (Monkeypox) Virus Clades I, IIa, and IIb.1 in a Small Animal Model.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 120(8). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2220415120.
Antinori, Andrea, Valentina Mazzotta, Serena Vita, Fabrizio Carletti, Danilo Tacconi, Laura Emma Lapini, Alessandra D’Abramo, Stefania Cicalini, Daniele Lapa, Silvia Pittalis, Vincenzo Puro, Marco Rivano Capparuccia, Emanuela Giombini, Cesare Ernesto Maria Gruber, Anna Rosa Garbuglia, Alessandra Marani, Francesco Vairo, Enrico Girardi, Vaia Francesco, and Emanuele Nicastri. 2017. “Epidemiological, Clinical and Virological Characteristics of Four Cases of Monkeypox Support Transmission through Sexual Contact, Italy, May 2022.” Eurosurveillance 22(38):6–18. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.
Beer, Ellen M., and V. Bhargavi Rao. 2019. “A Systematic Review of the Epidemiology of Human Monkeypox Outbreaks and Implications for Outbreak Strategy.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 13(10).
Bhalla, Nikhil, and Amir Farokh Payam. 2023. “Addressing the Silent Spread of Monkeypox Disease with Advanced Analytical Tools.” Small 19(9).
Branda, Francesco, Chiara Romano, Massimo Ciccozzi, Marta Giovanetti, Fabio Scarpa, Alessandra Ciccozzi, and Antonello Maruotti. 2024. “Mpox: An Overview of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Public Health Implications.” Journal of Clinical Medicine 13(8).
Burrell, Christopher J., Colin R. Howard, and Frederick A. Murphy. 2017. “Virus Replication.” Pp. 39–55 in Fenner and White’s Medical Virology. Elsevier.
Carty, Michael, Coralie Guy, and Andrew G. Bowie. 2021. “Detection of Viral Infections by Innate Immunity.” Biochemical Pharmacology 183.
Chaudhri, Geeta, Vikas Tahiliani, Preethi Eldi, and Gunasegaran Karupiah. 2015. “Vaccine-Induced Protection against Orthopoxvirus Infection Is Mediated through the Combined Functions of CD4 T Cell-Dependent Antibody and CD8 T Cell Responses.” Journal of Virology 89(3):1889–99. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02572-14.
Du, Zhanwei, Zengyang Shao, Yuan Bai, Lin Wang, Jose L. Herrera-Diestra, Spencer J. Fox, Zeynep Ertem, Eric H. Y. Lau, and Benjamin J. Cowling. 2022. “Reproduction Number of Monkeypox in the Early Stage of the 2022 Multi-Country Outbreak.” Journal of Travel Medicine 29(8).
Durmuş, Saliha, and Kutlu Ülgen. 2017. “Comparative Interactomics for Virus–Human Protein–Protein Interactions: DNA Viruses versus RNA Viruses.” FEBS Open Bio 7(1):96–107. doi: 10.1002/2211-5463.12167.
Gandhi, Aravind P., Parul Chawla Gupta, Bijaya K. Padhi, Mokanpally Sandeep, Tarun Kumar Suvvari, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Prakasini Satapathy, Ranjit Sah, Darwin A. León-Figueroa, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Joshuan J. Barboza, and Arkadiusz Dziedzic. 2023. “Ophthalmic Manifestations of the Monkeypox Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Pathogens 12(3).
Gong, Qizan, Changle Wang, Xia Chuai, and Sandra Chiu. 2022. “Monkeypox Virus: A Re-Emergent Threat to Humans.” Virologica Sinica 37(4):477–82.
Grant, Rebecca, Liem Binh Luong Nguyen, and Romulus Breban. 2020. “Modelling Human-to-Human Transmission of Monkeypox.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 98(9):638–40.
Heskin, Joseph, Amy Belfield, Charlotte Milne, Nicklas Brown, Yasmin Walters, Christopher Scott, and Luke Sp Moree. 2022. “Transmission of Monkeypox Virus through Sexual Contact–A Novel Route of Infection.” Journal of Infection 85(3):334–63.
Karagoz, Aysel, Huseyin Tombuloglu, Moneerah Alsaeed, Guzin Tombuloglu, Abdullah A. AlRubaish, Amal Mahmoud, Samira Smajlović, Sabahudin Ćordić, Ali A. Rabaan, and Ebtesam Alsuhaimi. 2023. “Monkeypox (Mpox) Virus: Classification, Origin, Transmission, Genome Organization, Antiviral Drugs, and Molecular Diagnosis.” Journal of Infection and Public Health 16(4):531–41.
Kugelman, Jeffrey R., Sara C. Johnston, Prime M. Mulembakani, Neville Kisalu, Michael S. Lee, Galina Koroleva, Sarah E. McCarthy, Marie C. Gestole, Nathan D. Wolfe, Joseph N. Fair, Bradley S. Schneider, Linda L. Wright, John Huggins, Chris A. Whitehouse, Emile Okitolonda Wemakoy, Jean Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum, Lisa E. Hensley, Gustavo F. Palacios, and Anne W. Rimoin. 2014. “Genomic Variability of Monkeypox Virus among Humans, Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 20(2):232–39. doi: 10.3201/eid2002.130118.
Li, Danyang, and Minghua Wu. 2021. “Pattern Recognition Receptors in Health and Diseases.” Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 6(1).
Li, Heng, Qi Zhao Huang, Hong Zhang, Zhen Xing Liu, Xiao Hui Chen, Li Lin Ye, and Yang Luo. 2023. “The Land-Scape of Immune Response to Monkeypox Virus.” EBioMedicine 87.
Li, Yaning, Yaping Shen, Ziwei Hu, and Renhong Yan. 2023. Structural Basis for the Assembly of the DNA Polymerase Holoenzyme from a Monkeypox Virus Variant.
Lu, Junjie, Hui Xing, Chunhua Wang, Mengjun Tang, Changcheng Wu, Fan Ye, Lijuan Yin, Yang Yang, Wenjie Tan, and Liang Shen. 2023. “Mpox (Formerly Monkeypox): Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment.” Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 8(1).
Luna, Nicolas, Angie L. Ramírez, Marina Muñoz, Nathalia Ballesteros, Luz H. Patiño, Sergio Andres Castañeda, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi, and Juan David Ramírez. 2022. “Phylogenomic Analysis of the Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) 2022 Outbreak: Emergence of a Novel Viral Lineage?” Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 49. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102402.
Naseer, Muhammad Muazzam. 2024. “Human Monkeypox Virus: A Review on the Globally Emerging Virus Open Access.” Biomedical Letter 10(1):26–41. doi: 10.47262/BL/9.1.20242161.
Nolen, Leisha Diane, Lynda Osadebe, Jacques Katomba, Jacques Likofata, Daniel Mukadi, Benjamin Monroe, Jeffrey Doty, Christine Marie Hughes, Joelle Kabamba, Jean Malekani, Pierre Lokwa Bomponda, Jules Inonga Lokota, Marcel Pie Balilo, Toutou Likafi, Robert Shongo Lushima, Benoit Kebela Ilunga, Frida Nkawa, Elisabeth Pukuta, Stomy Karhemere, Jean Jacques Muyembe Tamfum, Beatrice Nguete, Emile Okitolonda Wemakoy, Andrea M. McCollum, and Mary G. Reynolds. 2016. “Extended Human-to-Human Transmission during a Monkeypox Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 22(6):1014–21. doi: 10.3201/eid2206.150579.
Parnian, Reza, Fatemeh Heydarifard, Fatemeh Sadat Mousavi, Zahra Heydarifard, and Milad Zandi. 2024. “Innate Immune Response to Monkeypox Virus Infection: Mechanisms and Immune Escape.” Journal of Innate Immunity 16(1):413–24.
Pickup, David J. 2015. “Extracellular Virions: The Advance Guard of Poxvirus Infections.” PLoS Pathogens 11(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004904.
Prompetchara, Eakachai, Chutitorn Ketloy, Chirayus Khawsang, Kiat Ruxrungtham, and Tanapat Palaga. 2024. “Mpox Global Health Emergency: Insights into the Virus, Immune Responses, and Advancements in Vaccines PART I: Insights into the Virus and Immune Responses.” Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology. doi: 10.12932/AP-111024-1945.
Rcheulishvili, Nino, Jiawei Mao, Dimitri Papukashvili, Shunping Feng, Cong Liu, Xidan Yang, Jihui Lin, Yunjiao He, and Peng George Wang. 2023. “Development of a Multi-Epitope Universal MRNA Vaccine Candidate for Monkeypox, Smallpox, and Vaccinia Viruses: Design and In Silico Analyses.” Viruses 15(5). doi: 10.3390/v15051120.
Reda, Abdullah, Amr Ehab El-Qushayri, and Jaffer Shah. 2023. “Asymptomatic Monkeypox Infection: A Call for Greater Control of Infection and Transmission.” The Lancet Microbe 4(1):e15–16.
Sagdat, Kamila, Assel Batyrkhan, and Damira Kanayeva. 2024. “Exploring Monkeypox Virus Proteins and Rapid Detection Techniques.” Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 14.
Şahin, Yasemin, Hande Yüce, Songül Ünüvar, and Osman Çiftçi. 2023. “Current Pandemic in the World: Monkeypox from Past to Present.” Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 95(1). doi: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220767.
Shafaati, Maryam, and Milad Zandi. 2022. “State-of-the-Art on Monkeypox Virus: An Emerging Zoonotic Disease.” Infection 50(6):1425–30.
Sklenovská, Nikola, and Marc Van Ranst. 2018. “Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans.” Frontiers in Public Health 6.
Srivastava, Shriyansh, Sachin Kumar, Shagun Jain, Aroop Mohanty, Neeraj Thapa, Prabhat Poudel, Krishna Bhusal, Zahraa Haleem Al-qaim, Joshuan J. Barboza, Bijaya Kumar Padhi, and Ranjit Sah. 2023. “The Global Monkeypox (Mpox) Outbreak: A Comprehensive Review.” Vaccines 11(6).
Swain, Susan L., K. Kai McKinstry, and Tara M. Strutt. 2012. “Expanding Roles for CD4 + T Cells in Immunity to Viruses.” Nature Reviews Immunology 12(2):136–48.
Tsalik, Ephraim L., Cassandra Fiorino, Ammara Aqeel, Yiling Liu, Ricardo Henao, Emily R. Ko, Thomas W. Burke, Megan E. Reller, Champica K. Bodinayake, Ajith Nagahawatte, Wasantha K. Arachchi, Vasantha Devasiri, Ruvini Kurukulasooriya, Micah T. McClain, Christopher W. Woods, Geoffrey S. Ginsburg, L. Gayani Tillekeratne, and Klaus Schughart. 2021. “The Host Response to Viral Infections Reveals Common and Virus-Specific Signatures in the Peripheral Blood.” Frontiers in Immunology 12. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741837.
Upadhayay, Shubham, Richmond Arthur, Divya Soni, Poonam Yadav, Uma Shanker Navik, Randhir Singh, Thakur Gurjeet Singh, and Puneet Kumar. 2022. “Monkeypox Infection: The Past, Present, and Future.” International Immunopharmacology 113.
Wang, Kunyu, Hanyao Huang, Qi Zhan, Haoran Ding, and Yi Li. 2024. “Toll-like Receptors in Health and Disease.” MedComm 5(5).
Wicherska‐pawłowska, Katarzyna, Tomasz Wróbel, and Justyna Rybka. 2021. “Toll‐like Receptors (Tlrs), Nod‐like Receptors (Nlrs) and Rig‐i‐like Receptors (Rlrs) in Innate Immunity. Tlrs, Nlrs and Rlrs Ligands as Immunotherapeutic Agents for Hematopoietic Diseases.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(24).
Wilson, Mary E., James M. Hughes, Andrea M. McCollum, and Inger K. Damon. 2014. “Human Monkeypox.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 58(2):260–67. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit703.
Witt, Amanda Stéphanie Arantes, Giliane de Souza Trindade, Fernanda Gil de Souza, Mateus Sá Magalhães Serafim, Alana Vitor Barbosa da Costa, Marcos Vinícius Ferreira Silva, Felipe Campos de Melo Iani, Rodrigo Araújo Lima Rodrigues, Erna Geessien Kroon, and Jônatas Santos Abrahão. 2023. “Ultrastructural Analysis of Monkeypox Virus Replication in Vero Cells.” Journal of Medical Virology 95(2). doi: 10.1002/jmv.28536.
World Health Organization. 2024. Multi-Country Outbreak of Mpox.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2024. Diagnostic Testing for the Monkeypox Virus (MPXV).
Xiang, Yan, and Addison White. 2022. “Monkeypox Virus Emerges from the Shadow of Its More Infamous Cousin: Family Biology Matters.” Emerging Microbes and Infections 11(1):1768–77.
Zandi, Milad, Maryam Shafaati, and Fatemeh Hosseini. 2023. “Mechanisms of Immune Evasion of Monkeypox Virus.” Frontiers in Microbiology 14.
Published
2026-04-14
How to Cite
UTAMI, M. (2026). INFEKSI VIRUS MPXV: MEKANISME INFEKSI, RESPONS IMUN, DAN METODE DIAGNOSTIK VIRUS. Journal of Nursing and Public Health, 14(1), 1-13. Retrieved from https://jurnal.unived.ac.id/index.php/jnph/article/view/11357
Issue
Section
Articles
An author who publishes in the Journal of Nursing and Public Health agrees to the following terms:
Author retains the copyright and grants the journal the right of first publication of the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal
Submission of a manuscript implies that the submitted work has not been published before (except as part of a thesis or report, or abstract); that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; that its publication has been approved by all co-authors. If and when the manuscript is accepted for publication, the author(s) still hold the copyright and retain publishing rights without restrictions. For the new invention, authors are suggested to manage its patent before published. The license type is CC-BY-SA 4.0.
Journal of Nursing and Public Health is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
for any purpose, even commercially.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
